Offshore drilling is the most complex and expensive way of accessing oil and gas reserves, particularly when it comes to deepwater and ultra-deepwater exploration activities.
While presenting the industry with its biggest challenges, deepwater exploration and development yield the greatest potential rewards and healthy profit margins to the oil service companies involved.
The rising complexity and costs of such endeavors demands huge capital investments, long-term commitments, higher efficiencies and a growing reliance on technology in order to reduce uncertainties.
The market fundamentals for oil service companies remain solid, oil prices are stubbornly holding their ground above $100/barrel (bbl) in a tough macroeconomic environment. The resiliency of high oil prices is fueling increasing exploration and production spending by operators as the industry pushes further offshore into ever-deeper water. By 2020, offshore oil production is expected to account for 34% of the global output up from 25% in 1990.
Offshore drilling companies are seeing a significant increase in tenders and requests from customers, particularly for the ultra-deepwater rigs that are commanding higher daily rates for its units. The brightening outlook mirrored by record backlog orders and rising rates encouraged the industry to focus on adding new equipment in all market segments in a bid to provide the most versatile fleets of mobile offshore drilling units.
Jack-up rigs are mobile, self-elevating drilling platforms that are towed by tugboats to drill sites with water depths of up to 400 feet. Jack-ups are equipped with tubular structure legs that are lowered to the sea floor, where jacking elevates the hull above the water surface before drilling operations begin.
Semi-submersible rigs operate in a semi-submerged position with the lower hull ballasted down below the waterline. The rig consists of a deck that contains working areas, equipment and living quarters and is able to carry drilling operations in deep and ultra-deepwaters of up to 10,000 feet in water depth.
Drill ships are self-propelled ships equipped for drilling in water depths where jack-up rigs are incapable of working. They can drill in deep and ultra-deepwaters, in up to 12,000 feet of water depth.
Rising oil prices have also spurred a construction boom in drilling rigs. The cost for a drilling ship easily surpasses $600 million (M) per unit where it is leased at $500 thousand per day or more on two- or three-year contracts. The jack-up market is seeing increased demand in Mexico, the North Sea, the Middle East and Asia while the floaters market, which includes ultra-deepwater rigs, has been improving markedly in Brazil, Africa and the Gulf of Mexico.
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On top of strong oil prices, successful exploration drilling results continue to be reported. Last year, 23 discoveries were announced in 12 different countries in an average water depth of 6,200 feet, representing the sixth consecutive year of 20+ announced discoveries. Successful exploration results pave the way for development drilling over the coming years, which is another factor in driving future demand.
For instance, Petrobras (a Brazilian semipublic multinational energy company) will be renting 26 rigs for the next 15 years in order to develop its deepwater oil field discovered back in 2006. The oildfield known as Tupi holds an estimated 8 billion (B) bbl of light sweet oil.
In contrast to Brazil's newly discovered deepwater prospects, the Gulf of Mexico is an established deepwater region that is also seeing rising activity levels. The industry expects drilling activity to reach and surpass the pre-Macondo level of about 30 wells by early 2013. Ultra-deepwater rig demand is expected to increase dramatically through 2016 as exploration activity drives future development demand growth. Even with the construction boom, the ultra-deepwater utilization is expected to remain tight in the coming years.
Not surprisingly, deepwater’s contribution to global oil output is expected to reach 13% by 2020, up from 0% in 1990. Declining production from large onshore oilfields has to be replaced somehow and the era of easy to extract cheap oil is behind us. The following offshore drilling companies provide you with a strong exposure to the offshore oil services sector and a broad geographic reach since the world is their playground:
Finally, there's no free lunch as investing in any sector carries its risks. For offshore drilling companies, you will want to keep in mind every operator faces risks ranging from storm damage to volatile commodity prices. Offshore drilling accidents, while rare, may result in significant damage or a total loss of a rig.
Capital budgets set by E&P companies are dependent on commodity prices; a sharp drop in oil prices will result in an oversupply of drill rigs on the market as capital budgets are scaled down. Companies usually borrow in order to finance construction of new rigs—What happens if prices collapse and contracts are renewed at much lower day rates? Can a company afford to service its debt? For dividend paying companies, future dividends depend on three variables of paramount importance: the business outlook, the debt leverage and the contract coverage.
Michel Massaad, Oil & Gas Investments Bulletin
