"When I entered the business world, three-fourths of the world was closed—China, Russia, Vietnam, India, most of Africa. . .in 2010, the entire world is wide open, the developing world is growing twice as fast as the developed world and there's still arguably several billion people out there that will modernize and progress." -Caterpillar's CEO Doug Oberhelman
"The mining industry is printing money: Citigroup expects it to have aggregate net cash of $70 billion by the end of 2012." -The Wall Street Journal
The Competition
"Continued growth in consumption resources is being driven by growth in China and the rest of Asia. Chinese companies are increasingly acquiring assets, as are Indian companies, prompting other global miners into a race to secure mineral assets of their own."-George Fang, Standard Bank's head of Mining and Metals China
The global mining industry is facing stiff new competition in getting deals done. The new competitor's for the world's resources have a mandate to secure long-term resource deals for domestic use and have the financing capabilities any major mining company, or for that matter any government, would be envious of.
China was never a major investor in foreign mining deals—that has recently changed with China now a very active and increasingly aggressive investor.
China's state owned enterprises (SOE) and sovereign wealth funds (SWF) were armed with hundreds of billions of US dollars from the country's foreign reserves and sent out to scour the globe for resources—they went on the hunt to fuel China's exploding economy. China wants to diversify out of the massive US dollar component of its Foreign Reserves so the SOE/SWFs have no problem dealing in straight cash and operating in what some might consider high-risk areas. The Chinese also have a longer-term horizon for their ultimate payoff because they are mostly after offtake supply agreements from early stage development projects.
According to a recent PricewaterhouseCooper (PwC) report on M&A activity in the mining sector in 2010, 6% of the world's mining deals involved Chinese acquirers. Around 62% of China's deals were focused on projects within China and another 16% were in adjoining Asian countries. For the decade ending in 2010, PwC counted a total of 400 Chinese deals worth US$48 billion—at the start of the referenced decade, China was a negligible player in M&A.
PwC also said it expects Chinese companies to be more active in M&A in 2011. PwC thinks part of that increased activity will be consolidation of the country's fragmented domestic mining sector, but a large part will also come from outside China where PwC says China controls only 1% of overall production.
Despite a few high-publicity rebuffs, the Chinese have completed a few deals in North America:
- CIC invested $1.5B for a 17.2% stake of Vancouver-based Teck Resources Ltd.
- The Aluminum Corp. of China picked up Peru Copper Inc., a Canadian miner with assets in South America, for $779M.
- China's CRCC-Tongguan Investment Co. bought Vancouver's Corriente Resources Inc. for $549M.
According to Paul Murphy, head of Asia Pacific Mining & Metals at Ernst & Young, Chinese investors have shifted their focus from Australia (in 2009, China became Australia's largest export market, surpassing Japan) and Canada to higher-risk destinations that include Brazil (in 2009, China displaced the United States as Brazil's top trade partner), Ecuador and Africa. Rising from $2B in 1999 China's trade with Africa is set to top $110 billion by the end of 2011.
Here are some of the African deals Chinese firms have become involved in:
- China's CNOOC Ltd and Ghana National Petroleum Corp (GNPC) have submitted a $5B bid for Kosmos Energy LLC's assets.
- Jinchuan Group Ltd.'s $878M takeover of SA platinum explorer Wesizwe Platinum Ltd.
- In September 2010, Ghana signed a $12.87B loan with two Chinese banks, China Development Bank and China Exim Bank, to fund its oil, gas, agricultural and infrastructure projects.
- July 2010, Aluminum Corp of China Ltd. (Chalco) agrees to invest $1.35B in a Guinea JV to develop the Simandou project, which partner Rio Tinto claims is the world's largest undeveloped iron ore deposit.
- July 2010, China's Shandong Iron & Steel agrees to a $1.5B deal to buy into African Minerals' Tonkolili project in Sierra Leone.
- April 2010, China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company (CNMC) plans to invest $600M in Zambia in 2010 and 2011. CNMC operates the Luanshya copper mine and Chambishi smelter in Zambia, Africa's biggest copper producer.
- Bloomberg reported, May 29 2011, that China National Gold Group Corp., the state-owned company, wants to invest in gold projects in Africa as it expects bullion to trade near record levels for the next three years.
- Citic Group, China's biggest state-owned investment company, and partners, agreed to buy Gold One International Ltd. for about AUD$444M ($469M) to gain assets in South Africa.
- In November 2010, China pledged to grant African countries $10B in low-interest development loans over the next three years, establish a $1B loan program for small- and medium-sized businesses and forgive the remaining debt on certain interest-free loans that China has granted less-developed African nations in the past.
- China and South Africa signed more than 10 deals in mining, finance, nuclear energy and other sectors during a January 2011 visit by South African President Jacob Zuma.
- China Railway Group began talks in August 2010 with South Africa's government over a proposed US$30B high-speed rail project between Johannesburg and the eastern port city of Durban.
- China Railway Materials Commercial Corporation acquire a 12.5% stake in African Minerals Limited (AML) for US$244M.
- China National Nuclear Corp. announced it was in talks to build a nuclear power plant in South Africa last year.
- Standard Bank is advising China Guangdong Nuclear Power in similar negotiations. Major deals have been signed in the mining, consumer goods and auto industries.
Thanks to the trillions of foreign exchange reserves it currently holds, China offers loans at highly competitive interest rates. For example, the Export-Import Bank of China (Exim Bank) gave the Angolan government three loans at interest rates ranging from LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate—the rate banks charge each other on loans) plus 1.25%, up to LIBOR plus 1.75%, as well Exim Bank offered generous grace periods and long repayment terms. Commercial lenders—such as Standard Chartered Bank—have charged Angola LIBOR plus 2.5% or more, with no grace period and a faster repayment schedule.
Reconstruction in war battered Angola was helped by three *oil backed loans, and then Chinese companies came in and built roads, railways, hospitals, schools, and water systems. Nigeria took two loans from China to finance electricity-generating projects, the Chinese built a hydropower project in the Republic of the Congo that's repaid in oil and built another hydropower project in Ghana that's repaid in cocoa beans.
*This kind of deal making isn't unusual for China—China has plans to construct its high-speed rail line through Asia and Eastern Europe in order to connect to the existing infrastructure in the European Union (EU). Additional rail lines are planned into South East Asia, as well as Russia—this will likely be the largest infrastructure project in history. Financing and planning for this monumental project is being provided by China, which is already in negotiations with 17 countries to develop the project . In return, the partnering nations will provide natural resources to China.
Pan-African bank, Ecobank Transnational Inc., just opened a China desk, its purpose is to ease the flow of Chinese loans for African infrastructure projects. The desk includes two Ecobank employees and two senior staff from the Bank of China. The bank will offer a full range of banking services to Africans and Chinese.
"Africa is a strategic market for China and we are anticipating huge volumes." -Ecobank Global Account Manager Henry Ampong
Ecobank will roll out the services to its other branches on the African continent once the challenges of the pilot desk are dealt with.
China is building special trade and economic cooperation zones in Africa, which provide a promising new approach to sustainable industrialization within the continent. Seven such zones are in the works—two in Nigeria, one each in Egypt, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Zambia and maybe one in Algeria, (Mauritius-JinFei, Nigeria-Ogun, Nigeria-Lekki, Zambia-Chambishi/Lusaka, Egypt-Suez, Ethiopia-Eastern). China has more than 100 such areas and they were an important part of China's early development,
Economic zones allow countries to improve poor infrastructure, inadequate services and weak institutions by focusing efforts on a limited geographical area. China's venture capital fund for Africa, the $5B China-Africa Development Fund, has taken equity shares in three of the seven planned zones. A new $1B fund for small and medium enterprises in Africa, will help African entrepreneurs set up businesses in the zones.
Conclusion
In a decade, China's economy will be much different than today's. Instead of being mainly an export-driven one, it will rely more and more on internal consumption as the countries massive urbanization growth fuels a rapidly expanding middle class. To feed this growth in consumption, China is taking a leading role in the developing world.
I suggest PwC's six and one are perhaps just the tip of the iceberg regarding Chinese M&A activities and like an iceberg's true size, the reality, the true scope of China's deal making, is mostly out of sight. Many of the deals China signed would not show up in the PWC report because they take a non-controlling position—China funds undeveloped projects for offtake supply agreements without purchasing equity in the controlling company and often deals on a government-to-government level regarding loans, infrastructure build out and using the recipient countries resources for payback.
The Chinese are making massive loans and building huge infrastructure projects, such as high-speed rail, dams and other projects like bridges, roads, schools and hospitals. While SOEs and SWFs are making deals for the countries resources, other Chinese companies are building the necessary infrastructure that every country needs to build a future for its citizens. This is the key to China's overseas investments—adding infrastructure capacity makes its massive, most-often early stage, resource investments viable and creates a long-lasting economic legacy for the host country.
The overall Chinese package is very attractive and there are a lot of resource-rich countries taking China up on its offers.
"While the West supports microfinance for the poor in Africa, China is setting up a $5 billion equity fund to foster investment there. The West advocates trade liberalization to open African markets; China constructs special economic zones to draw Chinese firms to the continent. Westerners support government and democracy; the Chinese build roads and dams."Isaac Twumasi Quantus
The fact that China is intent on acquiring Africa's (and many other countries) resources for itself should be on everyone's radar screen. Is it on yours?
If not, maybe it should be.
Richard (Rick) Mills
[email protected]
www.aheadoftheherd.com
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Richard is host of Ahead of the Herd and invests in the junior resource sector. His articles have been published on over 300 websites, including: The Wall Street Journal, The Gold/Energy Reports, Calgary Herald, USA Today, National Post, Financial Sense Vancouver Sun, Forbes, Huffington Post, SafeHaven, Market Oracle, Stockhouse, Lewrockwell, Casey Research, 24hgold, SilverBearCafe, Infomine, Mineweb, 321gold, Kitco, Gold-Eagle, Resource Investor, FNArena and Metals News.
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